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glossary [2026/09/30 17:33] – Reviewed and finalised lfpoglossary [2026/10/01 14:01] (current) – New subject area: private actors, liability and insurance lfpo
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 ====== Glossary ====== ====== Glossary ======
  
-//As of 30 September 2026.//+//As of 1 October 2026.//
  
 Short explanations of terms used on this site, in alphabetical order. Where a term has no agreed definition, or its meaning is disputed, this is indicated. Links lead to the entry in which the term is most relevant. Short explanations of terms used on this site, in alphabetical order. Where a term has no agreed definition, or its meaning is disputed, this is indicated. Links lead to the entry in which the term is most relevant.
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 **Hack-and-leak** – An operation in which information is obtained through unauthorised access to computer systems and then published, often selectively or altered, to influence public opinion, for example during elections. Legal assessment may involve sovereignty, non-intervention and criminal law. See [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]]. **Hack-and-leak** – An operation in which information is obtained through unauthorised access to computer systems and then published, often selectively or altered, to influence public opinion, for example during elections. Legal assessment may involve sovereignty, non-intervention and criminal law. See [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]].
 +
 +**Heightened human rights due diligence** – The enhanced due diligence expected of business enterprises in conflict-affected contexts under the UN Guiding Principles, taking into account the risk of contributing to violence and violations of international humanitarian law. See [[law:un:guiding_principles_business|UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011)]].
  
 **ICTs** – Information and communications technologies; the term used in UN documents instead of "cyber" or "cyberspace". The Russian Federation and some other States refer to "international information security", a concept which commentators describe as also covering information content. See [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]]. **ICTs** – Information and communications technologies; the term used in UN documents instead of "cyber" or "cyberspace". The Russian Federation and some other States refer to "international information security", a concept which commentators describe as also covering information content. See [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]].
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 **Sovereignty (rule or principle)** – Whether sovereignty is a primary rule that a cyber operation can violate in itself, or a principle from which other rules such as non-intervention derive, is contested. France (2019) and Germany (2021) treat it as a rule; the United Kingdom stated in 2018 that there is no such rule beyond the prohibition of intervention. See [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]]. **Sovereignty (rule or principle)** – Whether sovereignty is a primary rule that a cyber operation can violate in itself, or a principle from which other rules such as non-intervention derive, is contested. France (2019) and Germany (2021) treat it as a rule; the United Kingdom stated in 2018 that there is no such rule beyond the prohibition of intervention. See [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]].
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 +**State-backed cyber-attack exclusion** – A clause in cyber insurance policies excluding losses from cyber-attacks attributed to a State, typically where they significantly impair the functioning or security of a State; Lloyd's has required such clauses since 2023. Whether cover applies may depend on attribution by governments. See [[law:soft:lloyds_cyber_exclusions|Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)]].
  
 **Systemic risk (DSA)** – Under Art. 34 of the Digital Services Act, risks stemming from the design, functioning or use of very large online platforms and search engines, including actual or foreseeable negative effects on civic discourse, electoral processes and public security, which providers must assess and mitigate. See [[law:eu:dsa|EU Digital Services Act (2022)]]. **Systemic risk (DSA)** – Under Art. 34 of the Digital Services Act, risks stemming from the design, functioning or use of very large online platforms and search engines, including actual or foreseeable negative effects on civic discourse, electoral processes and public security, which providers must assess and mitigate. See [[law:eu:dsa|EU Digital Services Act (2022)]].
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 **Voluntary norms** – The non-binding norms of responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs, set out in para. 13 of the 2015 GGE report and endorsed by the General Assembly, which operate alongside binding international law. See [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]]. **Voluntary norms** – The non-binding norms of responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs, set out in para. 13 of the 2015 GGE report and endorsed by the General Assembly, which operate alongside binding international law. See [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]].
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 +**War exclusion** – A clause in insurance contracts excluding losses caused by war or "hostile or warlike action". Whether traditional war exclusions cover cyber-attacks attributed to States has been litigated; a New Jersey appellate court held in 2023 that the exclusion at issue required a connection to military action. See [[law:courts:merck_notpetya|Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)]].
  
 ===== See also ===== ===== See also =====
   * [[timeline|Timeline]]   * [[timeline|Timeline]]
   * [[map|The map]]   * [[map|The map]]
-  * Topics: [[topics:use_of_force|Use of force]] · [[topics:armed_conflict|Armed conflict]] · [[topics:cybersecurity|Cybersecurity]] · [[topics:disinformation|Disinformation]] · [[topics:data_surveillance|Data and surveillance]] · [[topics:ai_weapons|AI and autonomous weapons]] · [[topics:international_criminal_law|International criminal law]] · [[topics:un_processes|UN processes]] · [[topics:gaps|Regulatory gaps]]+  * Topics: [[topics:use_of_force|Use of force]] · [[topics:armed_conflict|Armed conflict]] · [[topics:cybersecurity|Cybersecurity]] · [[topics:disinformation|Disinformation]] · [[topics:data_surveillance|Data and surveillance]] · [[topics:ai_weapons|AI and autonomous weapons]] · [[topics:international_criminal_law|International criminal law]] · [[topics:un_processes|UN processes]] · [[topics:private_actors|Private actors and liability]] · [[topics:gaps|Regulatory gaps]]
  
glossary.1790789584.txt.gz · Last modified: by lfpo