The map

As of 1 October 2026.

All entries, listed by subject area and by source. Each subject area has a short introduction. See also the timeline and the glossary.

Introduction: Use of force, intervention and cyber operations

• African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)
• Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)
• EU cyber sanctions regime (2019)
• EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)
• Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)
• Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications
• Germany: constitutional peace provisions and cyber position
• ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)
• ICJ, Nicaragua v. United States (1986)
• Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)
• Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)
• National positions on international law in cyberspace
• Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)
• Rome Statute: crime of aggression
• Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)
• UN Charter

Introduction: Armed conflict (international humanitarian law)

• Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (1977)
• African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)
• ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)
• National positions on international law in cyberspace
• Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)

Introduction: Cybersecurity, cybercrime and critical infrastructure

• African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)
• Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001)
• EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)
• EU NIS2 and CER Directives (2022)
• EU Product Liability Directive (2024)
• Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)
• Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)
• SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)
• UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024)
• UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace

Introduction: Propaganda, disinformation and elections

• Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace Convention (1936)
• Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)
• EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)
• EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation
• EU Digital Services Act (2022)
• EU Political Advertising Regulation (2024)
• EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)
• Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)
• Genocide Convention (1948)
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
• Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)
• SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)
• UN resolutions on countering disinformation

Introduction: Data and surveillance

• CJEU, Schrems II (2020)
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

Introduction: Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons

• Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024)
• Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)
• EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)
• Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems
• Global Digital Compact (2024)
• REAIM documents on responsible AI in the military domain (2023–2026)
• UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons
• UN resolutions on AI in the military domain

Introduction: International criminal law

• Genocide Convention (1948)
• Rome Statute: crime of aggression

Introduction: UN processes and institutions

• Global Digital Compact (2024)
• National positions on international law in cyberspace
• UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons
• UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace
• UN resolutions on AI in the military domain
• UN resolutions on countering disinformation

Introduction: Private actors, liability and insurance

• EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)
• EU Product Liability Directive (2024)
• Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (2019)
• Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)
• Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)
• UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011)

Introduction: Regulatory gaps

• Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications
• Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems

• Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)
• Global Digital Compact (2024)
• UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons
• UN Charter
• UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024)
• UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace
• UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011)
• UN resolutions on AI in the military domain
• UN resolutions on countering disinformation

• Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (1977)
• Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace Convention (1936)
• Genocide Convention (1948)
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
• Rome Statute: crime of aggression

• Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001)
• Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024)

• EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)
• EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation
• EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)
• EU cyber sanctions regime (2019)
• EU Digital Services Act (2022)
• EU NIS2 and CER Directives (2022)
• EU Political Advertising Regulation (2024)
• EU Product Liability Directive (2024)
• EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)

• African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)
• SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)

• CJEU, Schrems II (2020)
• ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)
• ICJ, Nicaragua v. United States (1986)
• Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)

• Germany: constitutional peace provisions and cyber position
• National positions on international law in cyberspace

• Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (2019)
• Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)
• Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)
• Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)
• REAIM documents on responsible AI in the military domain (2023–2026)
• Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)

About this section: Statements

• Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)

• Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications
• Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems