LawyersForPeace.Online

a curated map of the law of peace in the cyber & information sphere

User Tools

Site Tools

Trace:
map

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

Both sides previous revisionPrevious revision
Next revision		Previous revision
map [2026/09/27 19:07] – Map reorganised by subject area and by source lfpomap [2026/10/01 14:01] (current) – New subject area: private actors, liability and insurance lfpo
Line 1: Line 1:
 ====== The map ====== ====== The map ======
  
-//Draft, as of 27 September 2026.//+//As of 1 October 2026.//
  
-Entries are listed by subject area and by source. An entry may appear under more than one subject area.+All entries, listed by subject area and by source. Each subject area has a short introduction. See also the [[timeline|timeline]] and the [[glossary|glossary]].
  
 ===== By subject area ===== ===== By subject area =====
 ==== Use of force, intervention and cyber operations ==== ==== Use of force, intervention and cyber operations ====
-  * [[law:un:charter|Charter of the United Nations]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:use_of_force|Use of force, intervention and cyber operations]] 
-  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations]] + 
-  * [[law:eu:cyber_sanctions|EU restrictive measures against cyber-attacks threatening the Union or its Member States (Council Decision (CFSP) 2019/797 and Council Regulation (EU) 2019/796) and the Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox]] +  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:national:germany|Germany: Basic Law (Arts. 24, 25, 26(1)), Criminal Code (§ 80a StGB) and position paper "On the Application of International Law in Cyberspace" (2021)]] +  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]] 
-  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)]] +  * [[law:eu:cyber_sanctions|EU cyber sanctions regime (2019)]] 
-  * [[gaps:nc3|No specific instrument protecting nuclear command, control and communications (NC3) against cyber operations]] +  * [[law:eu:russia_destabilisation_sanctions|EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Article 8 bis (Crime of Aggression)]] +  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)]] 
-  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations]]+  * [[gaps:nc3|Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications]] 
 +  * [[law:national:germany|Germany: constitutional peace provisions and cyber position]] 
 +  * [[law:courts:icj_nuclear_weapons|ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)]] 
 +  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|ICJ, Nicaragua v. United States (1986)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:lloyds_cyber_exclusions|Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)]] 
 +  * [[law:courts:merck_notpetya|Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)]] 
 +  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:pall_mall|Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)]] 
 +  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute: crime of aggression]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:charter|UN Charter]]
  
 ==== Armed conflict (international humanitarian law) ==== ==== Armed conflict (international humanitarian law) ====
-  * [[law:ihl:ap1|Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:armed_conflict|Armed conflict (international humanitarian law)]] 
-  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations]]+ 
 +  * [[law:ihl:ap1|Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (1977)]] 
 +  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:courts:icj_nuclear_weapons|ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)]] 
 +  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)]]
  
 ==== Cybersecurity, cybercrime and critical infrastructure ==== ==== Cybersecurity, cybercrime and critical infrastructure ====
-  * [[law:coe:budapest|Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention, ETS No. 185) and its Second Additional Protocol (CETS No. 224)]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:cybersecurity|Cybersecurity, cybercrime and critical infrastructure]] 
-  * [[law:eu:nis2_cer|Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2 Directive) and Directive (EU) 2022/2557 (Critical Entities Resilience Directive)]] + 
-  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs]] +  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:un:cybercrime_convention|United Nations Convention against Cybercrime; Strengthening International Cooperation for Combating Certain Crimes Committed by Means of Information and Communications Technology Systems and for the Sharing of Evidence in Electronic Form of Serious Crimes]]+  * [[law:coe:budapest|Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:cyber_resilience_act|EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:nis2_cer|EU NIS2 and CER Directives (2022)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:product_liability|EU Product Liability Directive (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:pall_mall|Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:paris_call|Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)]] 
 +  * [[law:regional:sco_2009|SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:cybercrime_convention|UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]]
  
 ==== Propaganda, disinformation and elections ==== ==== Propaganda, disinformation and elections ====
-  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:disinformation|Propaganda, disinformation and elections]] 
-  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations]] + 
-  * [[law:hist:broadcasting_1936|International Convention concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace]] +  * [[law:hist:broadcasting_1936|Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace Convention (1936)]] 
-  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] +  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]] 
-  * [[law:eu:dsa|Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act)]] +  * [[law:eu:ai_act|EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:eu:ai_act|Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)]] +  * [[law:eu:disinformation_code|EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation]] 
-  * [[law:eu:political_advertising|Regulation (EU) 2024/900 on the transparency and targeting of political advertising]]+  * [[law:eu:dsa|EU Digital Services Act (2022)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:political_advertising|EU Political Advertising Regulation (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:russia_destabilisation_sanctions|EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)]] 
 +  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Genocide Convention (1948)]] 
 +  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:paris_call|Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)]] 
 +  * [[law:regional:sco_2009|SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:disinformation_resolutions|UN resolutions on countering disinformation]]
  
 ==== Data and surveillance ==== ==== Data and surveillance ====
-  * [[law:courts:cjeu_schrems2|Court of Justice of the European Union, Case C-311/18, Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems ("Schrems II")]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:data_surveillance|Data and surveillance]] 
-  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]]+ 
 +  * [[law:courts:cjeu_schrems2|CJEU, Schrems II (2020)]] 
 +  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)]]
  
 ==== Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons ==== ==== Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons ====
-  * [[law:coe:ai_convention|Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:ai_weapons|Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons]] 
-  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact]] + 
-  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|No treaty on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS)]] +  * [[law:coe:ai_convention|Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:eu:ai_act|Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)]] +  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]] 
-  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on lethal autonomous weapons systems]]+  * [[law:eu:ai_act|EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)]] 
 +  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems]] 
 +  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:reaim|REAIM documents on responsible AI in the military domain (2023–2026)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons]] 
 +  * [[law:un:military_ai|UN resolutions on AI in the military domain]]
  
 ==== International criminal law ==== ==== International criminal law ====
-  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:international_criminal_law|International criminal law]] 
-  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Article 8 bis (Crime of Aggression)]]+ 
 +  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Genocide Convention (1948)]] 
 +  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute: crime of aggression]]
  
 ==== UN processes and institutions ==== ==== UN processes and institutions ====
-  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:un_processes|UN processes and institutions]] 
-  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on lethal autonomous weapons systems]] + 
-  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs]]+  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]] 
 +  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons]] 
 +  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]] 
 +  * [[law:un:military_ai|UN resolutions on AI in the military domain]] 
 +  * [[law:un:disinformation_resolutions|UN resolutions on countering disinformation]] 
 + 
 +==== Private actors, liability and insurance ==== 
 +//Introduction:// [[topics:private_actors|Private actors, liability and insurance]] 
 + 
 +  * [[law:eu:cyber_resilience_act|EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:product_liability|EU Product Liability Directive (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:hague_rules_bhr|Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (2019)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:lloyds_cyber_exclusions|Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)]] 
 +  * [[law:courts:merck_notpetya|Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:guiding_principles_business|UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011)]]
  
 ==== Regulatory gaps ==== ==== Regulatory gaps ====
-  * [[gaps:nc3|No specific instrument protecting nuclear command, control and communications (NC3) against cyber operations]] +//Introduction:// [[topics:gaps|Regulatory gaps]] 
-  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|No treaty on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS)]]+ 
 +  * [[gaps:nc3|Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications]] 
 +  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems]]
  
 ===== By source ===== ===== By source =====
 ==== United Nations ==== ==== United Nations ====
-  * [[law:un:charter|Charter of the United Nations]] +  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)]] 
-  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations]] +  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact]] +  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons]] 
-  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on lethal autonomous weapons systems]] +  * [[law:un:charter|UN Charter]] 
-  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs]] +  * [[law:un:cybercrime_convention|UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:un:cybercrime_convention|United Nations Convention against Cybercrime; Strengthening International Cooperation for Combating Certain Crimes Committed by Means of Information and Communications Technology Systems and for the Sharing of Evidence in Electronic Form of Serious Crimes]]+  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]] 
 +  * [[law:un:guiding_principles_business|UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011)]] 
 +  * [[law:un:military_ai|UN resolutions on AI in the military domain]] 
 +  * [[law:un:disinformation_resolutions|UN resolutions on countering disinformation]]
  
 ==== Multilateral treaties ==== ==== Multilateral treaties ====
-  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]] +  * [[law:ihl:ap1|Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (1977)]] 
-  * [[law:hist:broadcasting_1936|International Convention concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace]] +  * [[law:hist:broadcasting_1936|Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace Convention (1936)]] 
-  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]] +  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Genocide Convention (1948)]] 
-  * [[law:ihl:ap1|Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)]] +  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)]] 
-  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Article 8 bis (Crime of Aggression)]]+  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute: crime of aggression]]
  
 ==== Council of Europe ==== ==== Council of Europe ====
-  * [[law:coe:budapest|Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention, ETS No. 185) and its Second Additional Protocol (CETS No. 224)]] +  * [[law:coe:budapest|Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001)]] 
-  * [[law:coe:ai_convention|Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)]]+  * [[law:coe:ai_convention|Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024)]]
  
 ==== European Union ==== ==== European Union ====
-  * [[law:eu:nis2_cer|Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2 Directive) and Directive (EU) 2022/2557 (Critical Entities Resilience Directive)]] +  * [[law:eu:ai_act|EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:eu:cyber_sanctions|EU restrictive measures against cyber-attacks threatening the Union or its Member States (Council Decision (CFSP) 2019/797 and Council Regulation (EU) 2019/796) and the Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox]] +  * [[law:eu:disinformation_code|EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation]] 
-  * [[law:eu:dsa|Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act)]] +  * [[law:eu:cyber_resilience_act|EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)]] 
-  * [[law:eu:ai_act|Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)]] +  * [[law:eu:cyber_sanctions|EU cyber sanctions regime (2019)]] 
-  * [[law:eu:political_advertising|Regulation (EU) 2024/900 on the transparency and targeting of political advertising]]+  * [[law:eu:dsa|EU Digital Services Act (2022)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:nis2_cer|EU NIS2 and CER Directives (2022)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:political_advertising|EU Political Advertising Regulation (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:product_liability|EU Product Liability Directive (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:eu:russia_destabilisation_sanctions|EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)]] 
 + 
 +==== Other regional organisations ==== 
 +  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]] 
 +  * [[law:regional:sco_2009|SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)]]
  
 ==== Courts ==== ==== Courts ====
-  * [[law:courts:cjeu_schrems2|Court of Justice of the European Union, Case C-311/18, Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems ("Schrems II")]] +  * [[law:courts:cjeu_schrems2|CJEU, Schrems II (2020)]] 
-  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)]]+  * [[law:courts:icj_nuclear_weapons|ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)]] 
 +  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|ICJ, Nicaragua v. United States (1986)]] 
 +  * [[law:courts:merck_notpetya|Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)]]
  
 ==== National examples ==== ==== National examples ====
-  * [[law:national:germany|Germany: Basic Law (Arts. 24, 25, 26(1)), Criminal Code (§ 80a StGB) and position paper "On the Application of International Law in Cyberspace" (2021)]]+  * [[law:national:germany|Germany: constitutional peace provisions and cyber position]] 
 +  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]] 
 + 
 +==== Non-binding instruments and expert works ==== 
 +  * [[law:soft:hague_rules_bhr|Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (2019)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:lloyds_cyber_exclusions|Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:pall_mall|Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:paris_call|Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:reaim|REAIM documents on responsible AI in the military domain (2023–2026)]] 
 +  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)]] 
 + 
 +==== Statements ==== 
 +//About this section:// [[law:statements:start|Statements]]
  
-==== Soft law ==== +  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]]
-  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations]]+
  
 ==== Regulatory gaps ==== ==== Regulatory gaps ====
-  * [[gaps:nc3|No specific instrument protecting nuclear command, control and communications (NC3) against cyber operations]] +  * [[gaps:nc3|Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications]] 
-  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|No treaty on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS)]]+  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems]]
  
  
map.1790536053.txt.gz · Last modified: by lfpo