Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- map [2026/09/27 18:16] – Page created (draft) lfpo
+++ map [2026/10/01 14:01] (current) – New subject area: private actors, liability and insurance lfpo
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ====== The map ======
-//Entries arranged by layer and scale. Draft, as of 27 September 2026.//
+//As of 1 October 2026.//
-The layers follow a model from information law: **syntactic** (infrastructure and code), **semantic** (data and content), **pragmatic** (effect and influence), **constitutive** (values and basic order). The scales range from the individual and the market to the State/EU and the international order; this site covers the provisions relevant to peace and conflict, which lie mainly at the State/EU and international levels. An entry may appear under more than one layer.
+All entries, listed by subject area and by source. Each subject area has a short introduction. See also the [[timeline|timeline]] and the [[glossary|glossary]].
-===== Constitutive layer =====
+===== By subject area =====
-**State–EU**
+==== Use of force, intervention and cyber operations ====
+//Introduction:// [[topics:use_of_force|Use of force, intervention and cyber operations]]
-  * [[law:national:germany|Germany: Basic Law (Arts. 24, 25, 26(1)), Criminal Code (§ 80a StGB) and position paper "On the Application of International Law in Cyberspace" (2021)]]
+  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]]
+  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]]
+  * [[law:eu:cyber_sanctions|EU cyber sanctions regime (2019)]]
+  * [[law:eu:russia_destabilisation_sanctions|EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)]]
+  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)]]
+  * [[gaps:nc3|Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications]]
+  * [[law:national:germany|Germany: constitutional peace provisions and cyber position]]
+  * [[law:courts:icj_nuclear_weapons|ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)]]
+  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|ICJ, Nicaragua v. United States (1986)]]
+  * [[law:soft:lloyds_cyber_exclusions|Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)]]
+  * [[law:courts:merck_notpetya|Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)]]
+  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]]
+  * [[law:soft:pall_mall|Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)]]
+  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute: crime of aggression]]
+  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)]]
+  * [[law:un:charter|UN Charter]]
-**international order**
+==== Armed conflict (international humanitarian law) ====
+//Introduction:// [[topics:armed_conflict|Armed conflict (international humanitarian law)]]
-  * [[law:un:charter|Charter of the United Nations]]
+  * [[law:ihl:ap1|Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (1977)]]
-  * [[law:coe:ai_convention|Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225)]]
+  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]]
-  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact]]
+  * [[law:courts:icj_nuclear_weapons|ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)]]
-  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)]]
+  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]]
-  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Article 8 bis (Crime of Aggression)]]
+  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)]]
-===== Pragmatic layer =====
+==== Cybersecurity, cybercrime and critical infrastructure ====
-**State–EU**
+//Introduction:// [[topics:cybersecurity|Cybersecurity, cybercrime and critical infrastructure]]
-  * [[law:eu:dsa|Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act)]]
+  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]]
-  * [[law:eu:ai_act|Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)]]
+  * [[law:coe:budapest|Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001)]]
-  * [[law:eu:political_advertising|Regulation (EU) 2024/900 on the transparency and targeting of political advertising]]
+  * [[law:eu:cyber_resilience_act|EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)]]
+  * [[law:eu:nis2_cer|EU NIS2 and CER Directives (2022)]]
+  * [[law:eu:product_liability|EU Product Liability Directive (2024)]]
+  * [[law:soft:pall_mall|Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)]]
+  * [[law:soft:paris_call|Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)]]
+  * [[law:regional:sco_2009|SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)]]
+  * [[law:un:cybercrime_convention|UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024)]]
+  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]]
-**international order**
+==== Propaganda, disinformation and elections ====
+//Introduction:// [[topics:disinformation|Propaganda, disinformation and elections]]
-  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]]
+  * [[law:hist:broadcasting_1936|Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace Convention (1936)]]
-  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations]]
+  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]]
-  * [[law:hist:broadcasting_1936|International Convention concerning the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace]]
+  * [[law:eu:ai_act|EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)]]
-  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]]
+  * [[law:eu:disinformation_code|EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation]]
-  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America)]]
+  * [[law:eu:dsa|EU Digital Services Act (2022)]]
+  * [[law:eu:political_advertising|EU Political Advertising Regulation (2024)]]
+  * [[law:eu:russia_destabilisation_sanctions|EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)]]
+  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)]]
+  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Genocide Convention (1948)]]
+  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)]]
+  * [[law:soft:paris_call|Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)]]
+  * [[law:regional:sco_2009|SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)]]
+  * [[law:un:disinformation_resolutions|UN resolutions on countering disinformation]]
-===== Semantic layer =====
+==== Data and surveillance ====
-**international order**
+//Introduction:// [[topics:data_surveillance|Data and surveillance]]
-  * [[law:courts:cjeu_schrems2|Court of Justice of the European Union, Case C-311/18, Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Ltd and Maximillian Schrems ("Schrems II")]]
+  * [[law:courts:cjeu_schrems2|CJEU, Schrems II (2020)]]
-  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)]]
+  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)]]
-===== Syntactic layer =====
+==== Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons ====
-**State–EU**
+//Introduction:// [[topics:ai_weapons|Artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons]]
-  * [[law:eu:nis2_cer|Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2 Directive) and Directive (EU) 2022/2557 (Critical Entities Resilience Directive)]]
+  * [[law:coe:ai_convention|Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024)]]
-  * [[law:eu:cyber_sanctions|EU restrictive measures against cyber-attacks threatening the Union or its Member States (Council Decision (CFSP) 2019/797 and Council Regulation (EU) 2019/796) and the Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox]]
+  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]]
+  * [[law:eu:ai_act|EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)]]
+  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems]]
+  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact (2024)]]
+  * [[law:soft:reaim|REAIM documents on responsible AI in the military domain (2023–2026)]]
+  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons]]
+  * [[law:un:military_ai|UN resolutions on AI in the military domain]]
-**international order**
+==== International criminal law ====
+//Introduction:// [[topics:international_criminal_law|International criminal law]]
-  * [[law:un:charter|Charter of the United Nations]]
+  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Genocide Convention (1948)]]
-  * [[law:coe:budapest|Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime (Budapest Convention, ETS No. 185) and its Second Additional Protocol (CETS No. 224)]]
+  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute: crime of aggression]]
-  * [[gaps:nc3|No specific instrument protecting nuclear command, control and communications (NC3) against cyber operations]]
-  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|No treaty on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS)]]
+==== UN processes and institutions ====
-  * [[law:ihl:ap1|Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)]]
+//Introduction:// [[topics:un_processes|UN processes and institutions]]
-  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations]]
-  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on lethal autonomous weapons systems]]
+  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact (2024)]]
-  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in the use of ICTs]]
+  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]]
-  * [[law:un:cybercrime_convention|United Nations Convention against Cybercrime; Strengthening International Cooperation for Combating Certain Crimes Committed by Means of Information and Communications Technology Systems and for the Sharing of Evidence in Electronic Form of Serious Crimes]]
+  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons]]
+  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]]
+  * [[law:un:military_ai|UN resolutions on AI in the military domain]]
+  * [[law:un:disinformation_resolutions|UN resolutions on countering disinformation]]
+==== Private actors, liability and insurance ====
+//Introduction:// [[topics:private_actors|Private actors, liability and insurance]]
+  * [[law:eu:cyber_resilience_act|EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)]]
+  * [[law:eu:product_liability|EU Product Liability Directive (2024)]]
+  * [[law:soft:hague_rules_bhr|Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (2019)]]
+  * [[law:soft:lloyds_cyber_exclusions|Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)]]
+  * [[law:courts:merck_notpetya|Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)]]
+  * [[law:un:guiding_principles_business|UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011)]]
+==== Regulatory gaps ====
+//Introduction:// [[topics:gaps|Regulatory gaps]]
+  * [[gaps:nc3|Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications]]
+  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems]]
+===== By source =====
+==== United Nations ====
+  * [[law:un:friendly_relations|Friendly Relations Declaration (1970)]]
+  * [[law:un:global_digital_compact|Global Digital Compact (2024)]]
+  * [[law:un:laws|UN and CCW processes on autonomous weapons]]
+  * [[law:un:charter|UN Charter]]
+  * [[law:un:cybercrime_convention|UN Convention against Cybercrime (2024)]]
+  * [[law:un:ict_norms|UN framework of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace]]
+  * [[law:un:guiding_principles_business|UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (2011)]]
+  * [[law:un:military_ai|UN resolutions on AI in the military domain]]
+  * [[law:un:disinformation_resolutions|UN resolutions on countering disinformation]]
+==== Multilateral treaties ====
+  * [[law:ihl:ap1|Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (1977)]]
+  * [[law:hist:broadcasting_1936|Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace Convention (1936)]]
+  * [[law:icl:genocide_convention|Genocide Convention (1948)]]
+  * [[law:hr:iccpr|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)]]
+  * [[law:icl:rome_statute|Rome Statute: crime of aggression]]
+==== Council of Europe ====
+  * [[law:coe:budapest|Budapest Convention on Cybercrime (2001)]]
+  * [[law:coe:ai_convention|Council of Europe Framework Convention on AI (2024)]]
+==== European Union ====
+  * [[law:eu:ai_act|EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024)]]
+  * [[law:eu:disinformation_code|EU Code of Conduct on Disinformation]]
+  * [[law:eu:cyber_resilience_act|EU Cyber Resilience Act (2024)]]
+  * [[law:eu:cyber_sanctions|EU cyber sanctions regime (2019)]]
+  * [[law:eu:dsa|EU Digital Services Act (2022)]]
+  * [[law:eu:nis2_cer|EU NIS2 and CER Directives (2022)]]
+  * [[law:eu:political_advertising|EU Political Advertising Regulation (2024)]]
+  * [[law:eu:product_liability|EU Product Liability Directive (2024)]]
+  * [[law:eu:russia_destabilisation_sanctions|EU sanctions regime on Russia's destabilising activities (2024)]]
+==== Other regional organisations ====
+  * [[law:regional:au_common_position|African Union Common Position on international law in cyberspace (2024)]]
+  * [[law:regional:sco_2009|SCO Agreement on International Information Security (2009)]]
+==== Courts ====
+  * [[law:courts:cjeu_schrems2|CJEU, Schrems II (2020)]]
+  * [[law:courts:icj_nuclear_weapons|ICJ Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons (1996)]]
+  * [[law:courts:icj_nicaragua|ICJ, Nicaragua v. United States (1986)]]
+  * [[law:courts:merck_notpetya|Merck v. Ace American, NotPetya and the war exclusion (2023)]]
+==== National examples ====
+  * [[law:national:germany|Germany: constitutional peace provisions and cyber position]]
+  * [[law:national:positions|National positions on international law in cyberspace]]
+==== Non-binding instruments and expert works ====
+  * [[law:soft:hague_rules_bhr|Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration (2019)]]
+  * [[law:soft:lloyds_cyber_exclusions|Lloyd's requirements on State-backed cyber-attack exclusions (2022)]]
+  * [[law:soft:pall_mall|Pall Mall Process Code of Practice for States (2025)]]
+  * [[law:soft:paris_call|Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace (2018)]]
+  * [[law:soft:reaim|REAIM documents on responsible AI in the military domain (2023–2026)]]
+  * [[law:soft:tallinn_manual|Tallinn Manual 2.0 (2017)]]
+==== Statements ====
+//About this section:// [[law:statements:start|Statements]]
+  * [[law:statements:magnifica_humanitas|Encyclical Magnifica humanitas (2026)]]
+==== Regulatory gaps ====
+  * [[gaps:nc3|Gap: protection of nuclear command, control and communications]]
+  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|Gap: treaty on autonomous weapons systems]]
-===== Regulatory gaps =====
-  * [[gaps:nc3|No specific instrument protecting nuclear command, control and communications (NC3) against cyber operations]]
-  * [[gaps:laws_treaty|No treaty on lethal autonomous weapons systems (LAWS)]]